Although it was well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense "creative," the technical devices for expressing a system of recursive processes were simply not available until much more recently. Chomsky emphasized the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory:īut the fundamental reason for inadequacy of traditional grammars is a more technical one. Deep structure was developed largely for technical reasons related to early semantic theory. The concept of transformations had been proposed before the development of deep structure to increase the mathematical and descriptive power of context-free grammars. The deep structure represents the core semantic relations of a sentence and is mapped onto the surface structure, which follows the phonological form of the sentence very closely, via transformations. But these are not quite identical to Hjelmslev's content plane and expression plane. While Chomsky's 1957 book Syntactic Structures followed Harris's distributionalistic practice of excluding semantics from structural analysis, his 1965 book Aspects of the Theory of Syntax developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation: a deep structure and a surface structure. Main article: Deep structure and surface structure
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